** **Reverse backshift & pronouns:** **knew → know**, **I wanted → you want**, **could → can**, **her → me**. Others mix tenses/pronouns. ---

** **Past perfect (had slipped and fallen) → past simple (slipped and fell)** in direct (reverse backshift) with pronoun **he → I**. Others have tense/person errors. ---

** Strong command → **ordered + object + to-infinitive**; **these → those** (deictic shift). (a)(c) wrong structure; (b) weakens force. ---

** **Negative imperative (not to …)** in indirect corresponds to **"Don't + base verb"** in direct. (b) wrong "told to me." (a)(c) ungrammatical phrasing. ---

** **Imperative with "please" → requested + object + to-infinitive**; **tomorrow → the next day**; **me → her**. (a) wrong "requested to." (b) wrong structure. (c) tone changes to **ordered** and keeps **me**. ---

** **Optative/Prayer form in direct speech** uses **"May + subject + verb …!"** Indirect **might** reverses to **may**, and **his → your** when addressing the person directly. (a) wrong reporting tense "say." (c) keeps statement form, not the optative. (d) unidiomatic and wrong pronouns. ---

** **Indirect (past perfect continuous) → Direct**: **had been walking → was walking** (reverse backshift); **he→I**, **his→my**. (a) wrong person/verb form **were**. (b) present progressive, not equivalent. (d) wrong pronoun **his** and tense. --- 1. Ali said to his wife, "I am very happy today." **Options:** (a) Ali told his wife that he was very happy today. (b) Ali told his wife that he has been very happy that day. (c) Ali told his wife he was very happy today. (d) Ali told his wife that he was very happy that day. **Correct Answer:** (d) Ali told his wife that he was very happy that day. **Explanation:** In indirect speech, "said to" changes to "told," commas and quotes change to "that," present tense "am" changes to past "was," and "today" changes to "that day." --- 2. Mariam said to her teacher, "I was sick for a day." **Options:** (a) Mariam told her teacher that she had been sick for a day. (b) Mariam told her teacher that she is sick for a day. (c) Mariam told her teacher that she was sick for a day. (d) Mariam told her teacher that she has sick for a day. **Correct Answer:** (a) Mariam told her teacher that she had been sick for a day. **Explanation:** Direct speech in past tense changes to past perfect in indirect speech. Thus, "was sick" becomes "had been sick." --- 3. She said, since evening, she had go for a run. **Options:** (a) She said, "It is evening I must ran." (b) She said, "It is evening I might go for a run." (c) She said, "It is evening I should go for a run." (d) She said, "It is evening I must go for a run." **Correct Answer:** (d) She said, "It is evening I must go for a run." **Explanation:** To convert from indirect to direct, we reintroduce quotes, and modal "must" remains unchanged. The correct reconstructed form is with "must go." --- 4. Hamza said, "The prisoner had slept throughout the journey." **Options:** (a) Hamza said that the prisoner had been sleeping throughout the journey. (b) Hamza said that the prisoner had sleep throughout the journey. (c) Hamza said that the prisoner had slept throughout the journey. (d) Hamza said that the prisoner has slept throughout the journey. **Correct Answer:** (c) Hamza said that the prisoner had slept throughout the journey. **Explanation:** "Had slept" already shows past perfect. No further tense change is needed; only commas and quotes are replaced by "that." --- 5. Ahmad said that he would be taking a leave of absence for two weeks as there had been a death in his family. **Options:** (a) Ahmad said, "I am going to take a leave for two weeks as there had been a death in my family." (b) Ahmad said, "I would be taking a leave of absence for 2 weeks as there been a death in my family." (c) Ahmad said, "I will be taking a leave of absence for two weeks as there is a death in my family." (d) Ahmad said, "I will be taking a leave of absence for two weeks as there has been a death in my family." **Correct Answer:** (d) Ahmad said, "I will be taking a leave of absence for two weeks as there has been a death in my family." **Explanation:** Future tense in indirect speech becomes present/future in direct speech. "Would" becomes "will," and "his" converts to "my." --- 6. Shabbir said that his father was playing cricket with him. **Options:** (a) Shabbir said, "My father played cricket with me." (b) Shabbir said, "My father is playing cricket with me." (c) Shabbir said, "My father was playing cricket with me." (d) Shabbir said, "My father had played cricket with me." **Correct Answer:** (b) Shabbir said, "My father is playing cricket with me." **Explanation:** In direct speech, "was playing" (indirect) changes to "is playing" (direct) because the original action was ongoing in the present. --- 7. Fatima said, "Her relatives are landing tomorrow." **Options:** (a) Fatima said that her relatives are landing the next day. (b) Fatima said that her relatives were landing the previous day. (c) Fatima said that her relatives were landing the next day. (d) Fatima said that her relatives have been landing the next day. **Correct Answer:** (c) Fatima said that her relatives were landing the next day. **Explanation:** Present continuous "are landing" changes to past continuous "were landing," and "tomorrow" changes to "the next day." --- 8. Bilal said, "I will never hurt you." **Options:** (a) Bilal said he should never hurt me. (b) Bilal said that he would never hurt me. (c) Bilal says that he will never hurt me. (d) Bilal said that he will never hurt me. **Correct Answer:** (b) Bilal said that he would never hurt me. **Explanation:** "Will" in direct speech changes to "would" in indirect speech. Pronoun "you" changes to "me." --- 9. Ayesha said, "I am not invested in the project anymore." **Options:** (a) Ayesha said that she had not invested in the project anymore. (b) Ayesha said that she is not invested in the project anymore. (c) Ayesha said that she was not invested in the project anymore. (d) Ayesha said that she do not invested in the project anymore. **Correct Answer:** (c) Ayesha said that she was not invested in the project anymore. **Explanation:** "Am not" in present tense changes to "was not" in past tense when converted to indirect speech. --- 10. Zainab said, "I am very busy now." **Options:** (a) Zainab said that she is being very busy now. (b) Zainab said that she was being very busy then. (c) Zainab said that she is be very busy now. (d) Zainab said that she was very busy then. **Correct Answer:** (d) Zainab said that she was very busy then. **Explanation:** "Am" changes to "was," and "now" changes to "then." --- 11. The principal said to me, "You are in-charge of the admission cell." **Options:** (a) The principal say me, "You are in-charge of the admission cell." (b) The principal said me, You are in-charge of the admission cell. (c) The principal said to I, "You are in-charge of the admission cell." (d) The principal said to me, "You are in-charge of the admission cell." **Correct Answer:** (d) The principal said to me, "You are in-charge of the admission cell." **Explanation:** "Said to me" is the correct reporting verb usage. Options (a), (b), (c) are grammatically incorrect. --- 12. Usman said, "I bought this book for my brother." **Options:** (a) Usman said that he buy this book for his brother. (b) Usman said that he had bought that book for his brother. (c) Usman said that he bought this book for his brother. (d) Usman said that he has bought this book for his brother. **Correct Answer:** (b) Usman said that he had bought that book for his brother. **Explanation:** Past simple "bought" in direct speech changes to past perfect "had bought" in indirect speech. "This" changes to "that." --- 13. Salman said to me, "My phone is switched off." **Options:** (a) Salman told me that his phone was switched off. (b) Salman told me that our phone had switch off. (c) Salman told me that his phone was switch off. (d) Salman told me that my phone was switched off. **Correct Answer:** (a) Salman told me that his phone was switched off. **Explanation:** "Said to me" changes to "told me." Verb "is" changes to "was," and pronoun "my" changes to "his." --- 14. Ibrahim said, "Two and two make four." **Options:** (a) Ibrahim says that two and two made four. (b) Ibrahim said that two and two made four. (c) Ibrahim said that two and two make four. (d) Ibrahim says that two and two make four. **Correct Answer:** (c) Ibrahim said that two and two make four. **Explanation:** Universal truths remain unchanged in indirect speech. "Make" stays "make." --- 15. Arif said, "My teacher is correcting the answer sheets." **Options:** (a) Arif said that his teacher was correcting the answer sheets. (b) Arif said his teacher was be corrected the answer sheets. (c) Arif said that his teacher is being correcting the answer sheets. (d) Arif said that teacher is corrected the answer sheets. **Correct Answer:** (a) Arif said that his teacher was correcting the answer sheets. **Explanation:** Present continuous "is correcting" changes to past continuous "was correcting." --- 16. Sana said, "I am going to pick up the children now." **Options:** (a) Sana said that she was going to pick up the children then. (b) Sana said that I am going to pick up the children now. (c) Sana said that I am going to pick up the children then. (d) Sana said that she was going to pick up the children now. **Correct Answer:** (a) Sana said that she was going to pick up the children then. **Explanation:** "Am going" changes to "was going," and "now" changes to "then." --- 17. I told Khadija that she was late for her class. **Options:** (a) I said to Khadija, "She was late for her class." (b) I said to Khadija, "You were late for your class." (c) I said to Khadija, "Why are you late for your class?" (d) I said to Khadija, "You are late for your class." **Correct Answer:** (d) I said to Khadija, "You are late for your class." **Explanation:** In indirect-to-direct conversion, "she was late" changes back to "you are late." --- 18. Hina said, "Ruhi slipped when she was trying to board the bus." **Options:** (a) Hina said that Ruhi had slipped when she was trying to board the bus. (b) Hina says that Ruhi slipped when she was trying to board the bus. (c) Hina said that Ruhi has slipped when she was trying to board the bus. (d) Hina said that Ruhi slipped when she was trying to board the bus. **Correct Answer:** (a) Hina said that Ruhi had slipped when she was trying to board the bus. **Explanation:** Past tense "slipped" changes to past perfect "had slipped" in indirect speech. --- 19. Junaid said to Dawood, "You can top the class if you want to." **Options:** (a) Junaid told Dawood that he would top the class if he wants to. (b) Junaid told Dawood that he could top the class if he wanted to. (c) Junaid told Dawood that you could top the class if you wanted to. (d) Junaid told Dawood that you can top the class if you want to. **Correct Answer:** (b) Junaid told Dawood that he could top the class if he wanted to. **Explanation:** Modal "can" changes to "could." Pronoun "you" changes to "he." Present "want" changes to past "wanted." --- 20. Your sister will say that she has lost her pen again. **Options:** (a) Your sister said, "She has lost my pen again." (b) Your sister will say, "I have lost my pen again." (c) Your sister will say, "I lost my pen again." (d) Your sister says, "I lost her pen again." **Correct Answer:** (b) Your sister will say, "I have lost my pen again." **Explanation:** Future reporting verb "will say" means tense remains unchanged. "She has lost" changes to "I have lost" in direct speech. ---

** **Two imperatives (one negative)** → **ordered + object + to-infinitive / not to + infinitive**. **Here → there**. (b) mixes finite **don't**. (c) missing **to**. (d) wrong **that + base** structure. ---

** **Request → 'Please be seated'** is the idiomatic direct form. (a) ungrammatical **to be seated** after _please_. (b) okay colloquially but doesn't mirror "requested me to be seated." (c) unidiomatic "Be welcome." ---

** **Apologised for + noun clause → Direct apology**: "I am sorry. I made…". (a)(b)(c) have pronoun/tense mismatches. ---